9.1 Singleton Classes

A singleton is a design pattern that restricts the instantation of a class to only one instance; a singleton class is a class that is defined in such a way that only one instance of the class can be created and used everywhere.
This is used when creating a central point of access for an application to access its data store. In Android this is very conveinient as many times we need an application to be able to access a central in-sync data store location from across many differant activities or fragments.
Singleton Class Attributes:
1.Only one instance: The singleton class has only one instance. Also, outer classes and subclasses should be prevented to create the instance.
2.Globally accessible: The instance of the singleton class should be globally accessible so that each class can use it.
Rules for making a class Singleton
The following rules are followed to make a Singleton class:
1.A private constructor
2.Globally accessible object reference
3.Consistency across multiple threads 
Implementation
We can leverage using the object keyword. In Kotlin, object is a special class that only has one instance. If you create a class with the object keyword instead of class, the Kotlin compiler makes the constructor private, creates a static reference for the object, and initializes the reference in a static block, automatically fulfilling the singleton contract.
Contrary to a class, an object can’t have any constructor, but init blocks are allowed if some initialization code is needed.
Here's an example singleton of a simple counter:
object Counter {
    var counter: Int
        // Only allows retrival of the counter, 
        // setting restricted to only within Singleton
        private set
    
    // Optional init block if you need some initalization
    init {
        counter = 0
    }
​
    // Increments the counter and returns the new number after incrementing.
    fun incrementCounter(): Int {
        return ++counter
    }
    
    // Can define whatever member functions you want!
}
Now, the singleton can be easily invoked by writing the below code:
val counter = Counter
counter.incrementCounter()
object comes with a limitation: object declarations can not have constructors which means they can not take parameters.
What if we want to take in arguments?
We can leverage companion object to create a singleton class! In short, companion objects are singleton objects whose properties and functions are tied to a class but not to the instance of that class — basically like the “static” keyword in Java but with a twist.
Here's the equivalent object as a singleton class:
class Counter private constructor(private var counter: Int) {   
    fun incrementCounter(): Int {
        return this.counter++
    }
    
    // The only way to instantiate Counter is through our companion object!
    companion object {
        private var instance: Counter? = null
        
        // Use of synchronized helps prevent race conditions (which you may know
        // what this is if you've taken an operating systems class, if not don't
        // worry too much!)
        fun getInstance(param: Int): Counter = instance ?: synchronized(this) {
            instance ?: Counter(param).also { instance = it }
        }
    }
}
Key things to note:
Make sure that your constructor is private
Add any data you are interested in as an argument to the constructor, expand the definition of getInstance if so.
Now, the singleton can be easily invoked by writing the below code:
val counter = Counter.getInstance(0)
counter.incrementCounter()
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